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• ВВП Азии, 1970-2019 (анализ)
  • ВВП Азии, 1970-2019 (таблица)
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• ВВП Азии по расходам
  • ВВП Азии по расходам, %, 1970-2019 (таблица)
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• ВВП Азии по субрегионам
  • ВВП Азии по субрегионам (таблица)
  • ВВП на душу населения в Азии по субрегионам (таблица)
  • Структура ВВП Азии по субрегионам, 2019, % (график)

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The economy of Asia comprises more than 4.5 billion people (60% of the world population) living in 49 different nations. [7] Asia is the fastest growing economic region, as well as the largest continental economy by both GDP Nominal and PPP in the world. [8] Moreover, Asia is the site of some of the world’s longest modern economic booms, starting from the Japanese economic miracle (1950–1990), Miracle on the Han River (1961–1996) in South Korea, economic boom (1978–2013) in China, Tiger Cub Economies (1990–present) in Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines, and Vietnam, and economic boom in India (1991–present).

As in all world regions, the wealth of Asia differs widely between, and within, states. This is due to its vast size, meaning a huge range of different cultures, environments, historical ties and government systems. The largest economies in Asia in terms of PPP gross domestic product (GDP) are China, India, Japan, Indonesia, Turkey, South Korea, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Thailand and Taiwan and in terms of nominal gross domestic product (GDP) are China, Japan, India, South Korea, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Taiwan, Thailand and Iran.

Total wealth is mainly concentrated in East Asia, India and Southeast Asia, while if measured by GDP per capita; is mostly concentrated in the East Asia in Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, Singapore, and Brunei, as well as in oil rich countries in West Asia such as Saudi Arabia, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Kuwait, and Oman. [9] [10] [11] Israel and Turkey are also two major economies in West Asia. Israel (entrepreneurship on diversified industries) is a developed country, while Turkey (founding member of OECD) is an advanced emerging country. Asia, with the exception of Japan (heavy industry and electrical sophistication), South Korea (heavy industry and information and communication technology), Taiwan (heavy industry and hi-tech parts manufacturing), Hong Kong (financial industry and services) and Singapore (high-tech manufacturing, biotechnology, financial and business services and tourism) in recent years, is currently undergoing rapid growth and industrialization. China (manufacturing and FDI-led growth [12] ) and India (commodities, outsourcing destination and computer software) are the two fastest growing major economies in the world.

East Asian and ASEAN countries generally rely on manufacturing and trade (and then gradually upgrade to industry and commerce [13] ), and incrementally building on high-tech industry and financial industry [14] for growth, countries in the Middle East depend more on engineering to overcome climate difficulties for economic growth and the production of commodities, principally Sweet crude oil. [15] Over the years, with rapid economic growth and large trade surplus with the rest of the world, Asia has accumulated over US$8.5 trillion of foreign exchange reserves – more than half of the world’s total, and adding tertiary and quaterny sectors to expand in the share of Asia’s economy.

Contents

List of Asian countries by GDP [ edit ]

This is an alphabetically sorted list of Asian countries, with their factual and estimated gross domestic product data by the International Monetary Fund. [16]

territory	GDP nominal millions of USD	GDP nominal per capita USD	GDP PPP millions of USD	GDP PPP per capita USD	Location
Average	31,582,000	7,351	65,441,000	15,235
Afghanistan	18,734	513	76,486	2,094	South Asia
Armenia	13,444	4,527	32,909	11,083	West Asia
Azerbaijan	47,171	4,689	187,260	18,615	West Asia
Bahrain	38,184	25,273	76,951	50,931	West Asia
Bangladesh	378,634	2,214	977,754	5,852	South Asia
Bhutan	2,842	3,423	8,199	9,876	South Asia
Brunei	12,455	27,871	35,920	80,383	Southeast Asia
Cyprus	25,360	28,627	38,055	42,956	West Asia
Myanmar	65,994	1,244	355,609	6,707	Southeast Asia
Cambodia	26,730	1,620	76,934	4,664	Southeast Asia
China (PRC)	14,140,163	10,098	27,308,857	19,503	East Asia
Hong Kong (PRC)	372,989	49,334	490,880	64,927	East Asia
Georgia	15,925	4,289	45,398	12,227	West Asia
India	3,050000	2,191	10,200,000	7,333	South Asia
Indonesia	1,111,713	4,163	3,737,484	13,998	Southeast Asia
Iran	458,500	5,506	1,470,661	17,661	West Asia
Iraq	224,462	5,738	705,059	18,025	West Asia
Israel	317,717	42,823	354,197	39,121	West Asia
Japan	5,413,054	43,043	5,888,913	46,827	East Asia
Jordan	44,172	4,386	97,161	9,648	West Asia
Kazakhstan	170,326	9,139	537,664	28,849	Central Asia
North Korea	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	East Asia
South Korea	1,629,532	31,430	2,319,585	44,740	East Asia
Kuwait	137,591	29,266	312,100	66,386	West Asia
Kyrgyzstan	8,261	1,292	25,915	4,056	Central Asia
Laos	19,127	2,670	58,091	8,109	Southeast Asia
Lebanon	58,565	9,655	91,286	15,049	West Asia
Macau	54,545	81,728	77,360	115,913	East Asia
Malaysia	365,303	11,136	1,078,537	32,880	Southeast Asia
Maldives	5,786	15,562	8,667	23,311	South Asia
Mongolia	13,637	4,132	47,217	14,308	East Asia
Nepal	29,813	1,047	94,419	3,318	South Asia
Oman	76,609	17,791	203,959	47,365	West Asia
Pakistan	313,000	1,260	1,100,000	5,230	South Asia
Philippines	356,814	3,294	1,025,758	9,470	Southeast Asia
Russia [a]	1,657,539	11,305	4,518,717	30,820	North Asia/Europe
Qatar	191,849	69,687	365,835	132,886	West Asia
Saudi Arabia	779,289	22,865	1,898,511	55,704	West Asia
Singapore	362,818	63,987	585,055	103,181	Southeast Asia
Sri Lanka	86,566	3,946	304,826	13,897	South Asia
Syria	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	West Asia
Taiwan (ROC)	586,104	24,827	1,300,212	55,078	East Asia
Tajikistan	8,152	877	33,351	3,589	Central Asia
Thailand	529,177	7,791	1,383,022	20,364	Southeast Asia
Timor-Leste	2,938	2,262	6,823	5,254	Southeast Asia
Turkey	743,708	8,957	2,346,576	28,264	West Asia/Europe
Turkmenistan	46,674	7,816	121,885	20,410	Central Asia
United Arab Emirates	405,771	37,749	746,350	69,434	West Asia
Uzbekistan	60,490	1,831	297,222	8,999	Central Asia
Vietnam	261,637	2,739	770,227	8,065	Southeast Asia
Yemen	29,855	943	72,171	2,280	West Asia

Economic development [ edit ]

Ancient and medieval times [ edit ]

China and India alternated in being the largest economies in the world from 1 to 1800 AD. China was a major economic power and attracted many to the east, [17] [18] [19] [20] and for many the legendary wealth and prosperity of the ancient culture of India personified Asia, [21] attracting European commerce, exploration and colonialism. The accidental discovery of America by Columbus in search for India demonstrates this deep fascination. The Silk Road became the main east–west trading route in the Asian hitherland while the Straits of Malacca stood as a major sea route.

Pre–1945 [ edit ]

Prior to World War II, most of Asia was under colonial rule. Only relatively few states managed to remain independent in the face of constant pressure exerted by European power. Such examples are China, Siam and Japan. [22]

Japan in particular managed to develop its economy due to a reformation in the 19th century. The reformation was comprehensive and is today known as the Meiji Restoration. [23] The Japanese economy continued to grow well into the 20th century and its economic growth created various shortages of resources essential to economic growth. As a result, the Japanese expansion began with a great part of Korea and China annexed, thus allowing the Japanese to secure strategic resources. [24]

At the same time, Southeast Asia was prospering due to trade and the introduction of various new technologies of that time. The volume of trade continued to increase with the opening of the Suez Canal in the 1860s. Manila had its Manila galleon where in products from the Philippine islands and China were traded with Spanish America and Europe from 1571 to 1815. [25] The Spanish colony of the Philippines was the first Asian territory to trade with the Americas, from Manila to Acapulco. The route continued overland across present-day Mexico to Veracruz on the Atlantic coast, then to Havana and Seville, forming the first global trade route. Silk, porcelain, ivory, tobacco, coconut and maize were some of the goods exported from Asia to the Americas and Europe, through the Philippines.

Singapore, founded in 1819, rose to prominence as trade between the east and the west increased at an incredible rate. The British colony of Malaya, now part of Malaysia, was the world’s largest producer of tin and rubber. The Dutch East Indies, now Indonesia, on the other hand, was known for its spices production. Both the British and the Dutch created their own trading companies to manage their trade flow in Asia. The British created the British East India Company while the Dutch formed Dutch East India Company. Both companies maintained trade monopolies of their respective colonies. [26] [27] [28]

In 1908, crude oil was first discovered in Persia, modern day Iran. Afterwards, many oil fields were discovered and it was learnt later that the Middle East possesses the world’s largest oil stocks. This made the rulers of the Arab nations very rich though the socioeconomic development in that region lagged behind. [29]

In the early 1930s, the world underwent a global economic depression, today known as the Great Depression. Asia was not spared, and suffered the same pain as Europe and the United States. The volume of trade decreased dramatically all around Asia and indeed the world. With falling demand, prices of various goods starting to fall and further impoverished locals and foreigners alike. In 1931 Japan invaded Manchuria and subsequently the rest of China and south-east Asia in what eventually became the Asia-pacific leg of World War II. [30]

1945–1990 [ edit ]

Following World War II, the People’s Republic of China and India, which account for half of the population of Asia, adopted socialist policies to promote their domestic economy. These policies limited the economic growth of the region. They are being abandoned in India and reformed in China. In contrast, the economies of Japan and the Four Asian Tigers (South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and Hong Kong) were economic successes, and the only successful economies outside of the Western World. [31] The success of these four economies led other Southeast Asian countries, namely Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, and Thailand to follow suit in opening up their economies and setting up export-oriented manufacturing bases that boosted their growth throughout the 1980s and the 1990s. [32]

One of the most pronounced Asian economic phenomenons during this time, the Japanese post-war economic miracle, greatly impacted the rest of the world. After World War II, under central guidance from the Japanese government, the entire economy was undergoing a remarkable restructuring. Close cooperation between the government, corporations and banks facilitated easy access to much-needed capital, and large conglomerates known as keiretsu spurred horizontal and vertical integration across all industries, keeping out foreign competition. These policies, in addition to an abandonment of military spending, worked phenomenally well. Japanese corporations as a result exported and still export massive amounts of high quality products from «the Land of the Rising Sun». [33]

Another amazing economic success story is that of South Korea’s, also referred to as the Miracle on the Han River. The country was left impoverished after the Korean War, and until the early 1970s was among the world’s poorest countries (even poorer than North Korea). However, it was since able to recover with double digit annual growth rates. Many conglomerates, also known as chaebols, such as Samsung, LG Corp, Hyundai, Kia, SK Group, and more grew tremendously during this period. South Korea has now become the most wired country in the world. [34]

Taiwan and Hong Kong experienced rapid growth up till the 1990s. Taiwan became, and still remains one of the main centers of consumer electronics R&D as well as manufacturing. However, unlike in Japan and South Korea, the bulk of Taiwan’s economy is dependent on small to medium-sized businesses. Hong Kong, on the other hand, experienced rapid growth in the financial sector due to liberal market policies, with many financial institutions setting up their Asian headquarters in Hong Kong. Till today, Hong Kong has been ranked as the world’s freest economy for many years running, and it remains one of the world’s top 5 leading financial centers. [35]

In Southeast Asia, economic development was fueled by the growth of the bamboo network. The bamboo network refers to a network of overseas Chinese businesses operating in the markets of Southeast Asia that share common family and cultural ties. [36] The network expanded as Chinese refugees emigrated to Southeast Asia following the Chinese Communist Revolution in 1949. [37] Singapore in particular experienced very rapid economic growth after declaring independence in 1965, following a two-year federation with Malaysia. In addition to creating a conducive economic and political climate, the government developed the skills of its multi-racial workforce, and established export-oriented industries by encouraging foreign investors to set up regional operations in manufacturing. The government also played a prominent role in Singapore’s growth as a major financial and business services centre. Singapore is today one of the richest countries in the world, both in terms of GNI per capita, and GDP (PPP) per capita.

This period was also marked by military conflict. Wars driven by the Cold War, notably in Vietnam and Afghanistan, wrecked the economies of these respective nations. When the Soviet Union collapsed in 1990–91, many Central Asian states were cut free and were forced to adapt to pressure for democratic and economic change. Also, several of the USSR’s allies lost valuable aid and funding. [38]

1991–2007 [ edit ]

The Chinese economy boomed under the economic measures undertaken by Deng Xiaoping, in the late 1970s, and continuing under Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao in the 1990s and 2000s. After the liberalization of the economy of India, growth in India and China increasingly shifted the center of gravity of the global economy towards Asia. By the late 2000s, China’s economic growth rate exceeded 11% while India’s growth rate increased to around 9%. One of the factors was the sheer size of the population in this region.

Meanwhile, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore emerged as the Four Asian Tigers with their GDPs growing well above 7% per year in the 1980s and the 1990s. Their economies were mainly driven by growing exports. [39] The Philippines only began to open up its stagnated economy in the early 1990s. [40] Vietnam’s economy began to grow in 1995, shortly after the United States and Vietnam restored economic and political ties. [41]

Throughout the 1990s, the manufacturing ability and cheap labor markets in Asian developing nations allowed companies to establish themselves in many of the industries previously dominated by companies from developed nations. By the dawn of the 21st century, Asia became the world’s largest continental source of automobiles, machinery, audio equipment and other electronics. [42]

At the end of 1997, Thailand was hit by currency speculators, and the value of the Baht along with its annual growth rate fell dramatically. Soon after, the 1997 Asian financial crisis spread to the ASEAN region, South Korea and other countries in Asia, resulting in great economic damage on the affected countries (but with Japan and China both largely escaping the crisis). In fact, some of the economies, most notably those of Thailand, Indonesia, and South Korea actually contracted. By 1999, most countries had already recovered from the crisis. [43] In 2001, almost all economies in both Europe and Asia were adversely affected by the September 11 attacks, with Indonesia and Japan was hardest. Both continents quickly recovered from the attacks in United States after more than a year. [44]

In 2004, parts of Sumatra and South Asia were severely damaged by an earthquake and the subsequent tsunami. The tsunami wreaked havoc, causing massive damage in the infrastructure of the hit areas, particularly Indonesia, and displaced millions. For a short time, GDP contracted among nations such as Indonesia and Sri Lanka, despite massive inflow of foreign aid in the aftermath of the disaster. [45]

The economy of Japan suffered its worst post-World War II economic stagnation set in the early 1990s (which coincided with the end of Cold War), which was triggered by the latter event of the 1997 Asian financial crisis. It, however, rebounded strongly in the early 2000s due to strong growth in exports, although unable to counteract China in 2005 after China gradually surpassed it as the largest economy in Asia. [46]

2008–2019 [ edit ]

The financial crisis of 2007–2008, triggered by the housing bubble in the United States, caused a significant decline in the GDP of the majority of the European economies. In contrast, most Asian economies experienced a temporary slowdown in their rates of economic growth, particularly Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, and China, resuming their normal growth soon after. [47]

The Arab Spring and the ensuing civil unrests since 2011 had caused economic malaise in Syria, Lebanon and Yemen, amongst the most adversely affected nations in the Middle East. At the same time, in the early 2010s, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Kuwait registered their highest GDP growths on record in the years that followed due to increased oil prices and further diversification of exports, as well as rising foreign exchange reserves. [48]

In 2013, in a once-in-a-decade party leadership reshuffle in China (change of Hu-Wen Administration to Xi-Li Administration), the Chinese economy experienced a significant slowdown in the GDP growth, slowing down from the unprecedented decades of 9–10% annual growth to around 7–8%, which has significant effect in some developing economies, particularly in Southeast Asia and India.

The Philippines, however, managed to grow at rates at par with China in the period 2012–2013, and became the world’s fastest growing emerging market economy since 2014, overtaking Malaysia in 2017 as the third largest economy overall in Southeast Asia. It also recovered after getting hit by Typhoon Haiyan, the strongest storm on record to make landfall, in November 2013, which killed at least 5,200 and displacing millions more. [49]

On September 29, 2013, China opened the Shanghai Free-Trade Zone. This free trade zone allows international trade to be conducted with fewer restrictions and lower customs duties. The zone is tax free for the first ten years to encourage foreign direct investment (FDI) with a ‘negative list’ used to regulate in which fields foreign investments are prohibited. [50] [51] In 2018, India has overtaken Japan as the second largest economy in Asia and the third largest overall in the world, while China has overtaken the U.S. in terms of purchasing power parity or GDP (PPP) in the world, marking the first time in almost 2 centuries that any country outside the Americas and Europe has taken the top spot globally.

2020-present [ edit ]

The Asian economies were affected by the COVID-19 pandemic that started in the Hubei province of China, the country of origin of the virus and one of the worst-hit worldwide in terms of overall confirmed cases. China’s economy experienced its first contraction in the post-Mao era as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Iran is the worst-hit country in Asia in terms of mortality rate after China, raising concerns of an economic collapse following the U.S. expansion of sanctions against them during the Trump administration since 2019 and declining oil prices due to both the ongoing economic collapse in Venezuela and the oil price war between Saudi Arabia and Russia.

Japan was also affected by the COVID-19 pandemic amidst its declining population and a stagnant economy since the 2011 Fukushima nuclear accident, with the postponement of 2020 Summer Olympics that it is set to host. South Korea, Singapore, Qatar, the Philippines, Indonesia and India were also affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, further raising fears of a recession across the continent after a streak of stock market losses in the region amidst nationwide lockdown in India and continued school and work closures in China, effectively quarantining more than 2 billion people (a quarter of the world’s current human population).

Future [ edit ]

Asia’s large economic disparities are a source of major continuing tension in the region. [52] While global economic powers China, Japan, India, South Korea continue powering through, and Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka have entered the path to long-term growth, regions right next to these countries are in severe need of assistance.

Given the enormous quantity of cheap labor in the region, particularly in China and India, where large workforces provide an economic advantage over other countries, the rising standard of living will eventually lead to a slow-down. Asia is also riddled with political problems that threaten not just the economies, but the general stability of the region and world. The nuclear neighbours, Pakistan and India, constantly pose a threat to each other, causing their governments to invest heavily in military spending. [53]

Another potential global danger posed by the economy of Asia is the growing accumulation of foreign exchange reserves. The countries/regions with the largest foreign reserves are mostly in Asia – China (Mainland – $2,454 billion & Hong Kong – $245 billion, June 2010), Japan ($1,019 billion, June 2009), Russia ($456 billion, April 2010), India ($516 billion, July 2020), Taiwan ($372 billion, September 2010), South Korea ($286 billion, July 2010), and Singapore ($206 billion, July 2010). This increasingly means that the interchangeability of the Euro, USD, and GBP are heavily influenced by Asian central banks. Some economists in the western countries see this as a negative influence, prompting their respective governments to take action. [54]

According to the World Bank, China surpassed the United States and the European Union to become the world’s largest economy in terms of purchasing power by early 2015, followed by India. Both countries are expected to rank in the same positions between 2020 and 2040. [55] Moreover, based on Hurun Report, for the first time in 2012 Asia surpassed North America in amount of billionaires. More than 40 percent or 608 billionaires came from Asia, where as North America had 440 billionaires and Europe with 324 billionaires. [56]

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